How to pronounce

Approximate reading aids, not recordings. Historical pronunciations are reconstructed, and modern accents vary.

Sanskrit

ā · ī · ū: Long vowels: hold the sound longer. ā is roughly the a in father; ī the ee in see; ū the oo in food.
á · ṛ́: The acute accent marks the Vedic accented syllable. Historically this was a pitch accent, not simply English stress.
ṛ: A syllabic r: the r itself carries the syllable. Modern pronunciations often sound like ri; the ancient sound is reconstructed.
bh · dh · kh: Aspirated consonants: release an extra breath. bh and dh are breathy voiced stops, not English b or d plus a separate h.
ḥ: A breathy ending. Sanskrit ś and ṣ are sh-like sounds, distinct from plain s.

ā: A broad ah sound, usually held longer than a. Pronunciation varies between Iranian, Afghan and Tajik varieties.
kh · خ: A rough sound at the back of the mouth, like the ch in Scottish loch or German Bach—not k followed by h.
sh · ش: Like sh in ship. The Latin-letter spelling beside the Persian script is a reading aid.

ē · ō: Long vowels. ē is an extended eh-like sound, not automatically English ee.
á · ḗ · û: Accent marks originally described pitch: acute a raised tone, circumflex a rise and fall on a long vowel.
th · θ: In reconstructed Classical Greek, t with a puff of breath. Later Greek uses th as in thin.

ā · ē · ī · ō · ū: Macrons mark vowel length, not stress. Classical vowel sounds are roughly ah, eh, ee, oh and oo.
c · g: In reconstructed Classical Latin, c is always k, and g is hard as in go.

Russian á · ó: The acute accent marks stress. Unstressed vowels may sound different.
š · č · j: In the Russian transliterations here, š is sh, č is ch, and j is a y-like consonant.
': After a Russian consonant, the apostrophe marks softness: raise the tongue toward the roof of the mouth. It is not another syllable.
Lithuanian ì · ė̃: Accent marks indicate stress and, on long syllables, pitch distinctions. ė is a distinct Lithuanian vowel, approximately a pure eh-like sound.

German ß · z · w: ß sounds like ss; z like ts; w like English v. German v often sounds like f in native words.
ä · ö · ü: Distinct vowels. For ö, round your lips while saying an eh-like vowel; for ü, round them while saying ee.
Dutch oe · g: oe sounds roughly like oo. Dutch g is often a throaty sound, varying by region.
Swedish å · j · sj: å is an aw/oh-like vowel; j is English y. The sj sound varies by region and has no exact English equivalent.

Irish ó: A long, pure oh-like vowel. The acute accent marks length, not stress.
Welsh w · dd: w can be a vowel, roughly oo; dd sounds like th in this. Welsh gw begins with g followed by w.